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Domain Hosting In a closetlike room at the "Leg Lab" here, salamanders stare blankly out of clear plastic drinking cups. The lab is so named because many of the animals have had, or will have, a leg cut off. But the salamanders recover, with perfect new limbs growing back in weeks.

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Business Hosting Provider Web Salamanders are the superstars of regeneration. They can grow back not only limbs but also tails, parts of their hearts and the retinas and lenses in their eyes. Humans cannot do any of that. So scientists here hope that the salamander's tricks may one day be applied to people.

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Ecommerce Hosting Email "I really do believe it's just a matter of time before you're going to regenerate an arm or at least a finger," said Dr. David M. Gardiner, a biologist who runs the laboratory at the University of California at Irvine with Dr. Susan V. Bryant, the dean of biological sciences and his wife. "I'd like to see that in my lifetime."

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Cheap Web Hosting Regenerative medicine, regrowing or repairing damaged organs, has become a hot topic. Almost all the attention has focused on stem cells. The idea is to grow stem cells outside the body, turn them into particular types of tissue and transplant them into patients.

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Small Business Hosting But a few scientists theorize that a better approach is to induce the same regeneration in people that occurs in salamanders and some other animals. Natural regeneration, which might be accomplished with drugs or genes, would be easier than transplanting, they say. And the tissue would be the patient's own, doing away with the problem of rejection. Even if salamanders' feats cannot be reproduced in humans, those scientists say, studying regenerating animals will at least provide clues for stem cell scientists.

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Web Hosting Domains So far, natural regeneration remains a medical backwater, garnering little attention. That may be understandable. Scientists have been studying natural regeneration for 200 years and have not gotten far in understanding it. Regrowing human arms in the lifetime of Dr. Gardiner, who is 53, will be difficult.

Web Hosting Domain Names "I'd like to say we've made tremendous progress, but that would be a lie," said Dr. Catherine Tsilfidis, an assistant professor at the University of Ottawa Eye Institute, who is studying regeneration in newts.

Domain Name Registration Now, though, genetic techniques are starting to allow scientists to fathom the mechanisms of regeneration. That and the excitement surrounding regenerative medicine are creating new scientific and even commercial interest in regeneration.

Hosting Web Hosting Eli Lilly is supporting research aimed at finding genes that help amphibians regenerate, and venture capitalists recently invested $9 million in starting what is perhaps the first company that wants to replicate natural regeneration in people.

Web Hosting Plans The company, Hydra Biosciences, is largely based on the work of Dr. Mark T. Keating, a company founder and a biologist at Harvard who studies regeneration in zebrafish. Hydra of Cambridge, Mass., is named after a pond-dwelling creature that can grow two wholes after being sliced in two. That creature was in turn named for the mythical multiheaded serpent that regrew new heads when one was cut off.

Web Hosting Business "What we're trying to do is stimulate the body's natural ability to regenerate," Dr. Keating said. "There's no evidence that human cells are fundamentally different" from those of zebrafish.

Web Hosting Email Humans can regenerate some parts like livers, muscles and bones, but human regeneration is generally limited to single types of tissues. Salamanders can regrow multiple types of tissue to make complete structures like limbs. The planarian, a small flatworm, can be cut into pieces as small as one-279th of the whole, and entire new worms will grow from the segments.

Dedicated Web Hosting The one possible example of multitissue regeneration in people is that young children can regrow fingertips above the top joint, including the bone, skin and nail. That was discovered by accident in England in 1974, when a child who lost a fingertip in a farm accident was taken to a hospital. The doctor was too busy to provide the standard treatment, sewing the skin closed. When she got around to it over a day later, she saw that it was regrowing.

Web Hosting Comparisons Still, some experts say, that may not be true regeneration but rather a continuation of the fast growth that normally occurs in children's fingers.

Affordable Web Hosting Scientists say animals that regenerate do not do it the way scientists are now hoping to do it in people by finding stem cells in the body that can be extracted or induced to turn into specific types of tissue. "The reason they can do this, we think, is not because they are chock-full of stem cells waiting to blast forth after an injury," said Prof. Jeremy Brockes of University College London.

Web Hosting Package Rather, he said, it appears that cells near the site of the injury that are already specialized like muscle cells lose their specialized properties and revert to a primordial state in a process called de-differentiation. The animal, in effect, creates its own stem cells when they are needed.

Web Hosting Provider Those stem cells form a mound called a blastema and multiply rapidly. They then redifferentiate to form the tissue needed to rebuild the limb or organ.

Multiple Domain Web Hosting Scientists wonder why the ability to regenerate has not spread more widely through evolution. "It seems the higher up you move in terms of evolution," Dr. Tsilfidis said, "the less regenerative ability."

Domain Web Hosting One reason, she speculated, is that higher animals depend more on specialized cells to perform sophisticated functions, and those cells are harder to de-differentiate. Or, she said, the advanced immune systems of higher life forms may mistake rapidly proliferating cells for cancer and kill them.

Web Hosting Providers There are hints that this type of regeneration can occur in higher animals. Dr. Thomas A. Reh, a professor of biological structure at the University of Washington, found that neurons in a chicken retina could be replenished because other nerve cells called glial cells de-differentiated. In the distant future, Dr. Reh said, that may be used to help heal blindness caused by retinal diseases like macular degeneration.

Unix Web Hosting Regeneration has been found in mammals, in a strain of mice with an altered immune system.

Web Hosting Php A few years ago, Dr. Ellen Heber-Katz, an immunologist at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, was conducting an experiment with those mice, which develop a disease similar to lupus. As is common, Dr. Heber-Katz punched a pattern of holes in each mouse's ear to so she could tell which mouse was which.

Web Hosting Site Three weeks later, she said, when she checked on the experiment, "there were no ear holes." Dr. Heber-Katz could not tell the mice apart. That ruined her experiment but sent her into a whole new field of study.

Web Hosting For Small Business She has since found that those mice, unlike other mice, can also regrow parts of their hearts, tails and spinal cords. The fact that the "healer mice" do not form scars appears to be important, she said. Scars block the ability of cells to divide and block signals from the epidermis, a layer of skin, that appear necessary to begin regeneration, she said.

Linux Web Hosting Scientists have been fascinated by regeneration since the 1700's, when a French scientist, Ren-Antoine Ferchault de R aumur, for whom a temperature scale is named, noticed at the fish market that some crayfish had legs that were not the same size. He surmised that some legs had grown back after having been cut off. Other scientists around the same time found that hydra, snails and other creatures could regenerate, setting off a frenzy of experimentation.

Low Cost Web Hosting "Almost everything that moved in Europe was amputated," said Dr. Alejandro Snchez Alvarado, an associate professor of neurobiology and anatomy at the University of Utah. Even Voltaire decapitated a snail to see its head grow back. He then wrote to friend who was blind that he hoped that a similar process could be harnessed in people.

Business Affordable Web But that has proved difficult. Dr. Thomas Hunt Morgan studied regeneration at the beginning of the 20th century and basically declared the subject intractable. Dr. Morgan himself moved on to other areas, studying genes and chromosomes in the fruit fly, work that won him a Nobel Prize as the father of modern genetics.

Unlimited Web Hosting Now, scientists hope to understand regeneration by finding the genes involved. Dr. Heber-Katz has found at least seven locations on the chromosomes of her "healer mice" that appear to contain genes that correlate with the ability to regenerate.

Best Web Hosting Dr. S nchez Alvarado is systematically turning off genes in planaria in hope of discovering which are necessary for regeneration. Dr. David Stocum, a biology professor and the dean of the School of Science at Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, is studying which genes are active in tadpoles, which can regrow limbs, but not in adult frogs, which cannot.

Business Ecommerce Web Hosting One gene that appears to be important is msx1. It helps keep cells in an embryo from dividing prematurely. Dr. Keating found that when the gene was turned on in mouse muscle cells that were growing in culture, the cells de-differentiated into stem cells. Another tantalizing clue of the importance of msx1, Dr. Keating said, is that the gene is turned off in people, except in the fingertips, the one part of the body where regeneration has been seen.

Cheap Affordable Web Hosting Dr. Keating has also made mouse muscle cells de-differentiate by using an uncharacterized mixture of proteins extracted from a newt. Scientists at the Scripps Research Institute did that with a chemical called myoseverin.

Web Hosting Multi Domain The scientists focusing on natural regeneration concede that stem cell scientists are highly likely to make more progress in the near future.

Personal Web Hosting "It's a lot easier to take a stem cell and put it back somewhere than to figure out what's going on here," Dr. Heber-Katz said.

Reliable Web Hosting But the salamander types insist that their time will come.

Affordable Web Hosting And "Given that these mechanisms work so well in animals that are built like us," Dr. Brockes said, "it would really surprise me if there wasn't some role for this strategy in the future."

Web Hosting And Domain By Andrew Pollack
New York Times - 9/24/2002

Topic: Biodiversity

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